Introduction:The aim of the present study was to assess the biofilm formation in oral cavity and its relationship with oral hygiene status related to practice of tooth brushing among school going children in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among the 386 school going children with age range of 6-16 years old. The study was carried out in the police line school, Rajshahi. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzedby using SPSS software version 21.0. Result: The most prevalent age group of the study was 6-11 years with frequency 192(49.7%).The proportion of the boys and girls was1.71: 1. It was found that 243(66.8%) students learnt about tooth brushing from their family and235(60.9%) of total studentsbrush their tooth once in a day. Majority367(95.1%) of them use tooth paste as dentifrices and377(97.7%) use tooth brush as tooth brushing instrument. Only 2(0.5%)studentsdo not brush their teeth at all. We also found, that mostof them 274(71%) used horizontal tooth brushing technique. This study showed the relationship between practice of tooth brushing of the respondents and the index of biofilm formationthat was statistically insignificant (p> 0.05), but relationship between respondents oral hygiene status and biofilm formation is statistically significant (p< 0.05). Conclusion: It was assessing that state of oral hygiene condition of school going children can be improved by prevention of biofilm formation, and also suggesting to ensure the practice of regular brushing of teeth.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a significant occupational problem among health care professionals; however, data on prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are limited in our country for referencing. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted during January to December 2016 among 160 health care professionals (doctors, nurses) working in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, distribution and to find out the multiple risk factors that contribute to the development of WMSDs among the sample population. Data were collected with semi structured questionnaire based on a validated research instrument Standardized Nordic Questionnaire (SNQ) which records the prevalence of MSDs in terms of musculoskeletal symptoms (ache, pain, discomfort) in the preceding 12 months. The statistical analysis was done by using the SPSS software 21 version. The study result revealed that out of 160 (100.0%) health care professionals 109 (68.1%) had musculoskeletal pain or discomfort in the last 12 months and 51 (31.9%) had not, and it was also found that 57 (61.3%) doctors and 52 (77.6%) nurses had musculoskeletal pain or discomfort in the last 12 months and the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in different body region in the last 12 months, where more than 1 site involvement 46 (42.2%) followed by neck 19 (17.4%), shoulder 15 (13.8%), lower back 13 (11.9%), hips 8 (7.3%), hand/fingers 5 (4.6%). About the self reported risk factors among the health care professionals for WMSDs were found working the same position for long periods 48 (29.8%),followed by treating excessive number of patients in a day 47 (29.1%), inadequate training on injury prevention 25 (15.9%), working awkward or cramped position18(11.6%).There were no statistically significant association found in age and years of experience of the health care professionals with the WMSDs (p value .281, .083 respectively), but significant association found in sex and occupation of the health care professionals with WMSDs (p value .045, .031 respectively). As because a high proportion of health care professionals had WMSDs and they are on the risk for development of WMSDs, it can be recommended that education programmes on prevention and coping strategies for musculoskeletal disorders be made mandatory for health care professionals in order to reduce the rate of WMSDs among them and to promote efficiency in patient care.

Background: Patients with maxillofacial trauma are at high risk of having traumatic cranial injuries. Prompt determination of head injury in these patients is crucial for improving patients survival and smooth recovery. Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out the pattern of maxillofacial injuries in a patient with head injuries and to study their relationship. Study design: A prospective Cross-sectional descriptive study was made over 60 patients. Study setting and period: The study was conducted in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000 from May 2010 to April 2011. Participants: Sixty patients with maxillofacial and head injuries were selected for the study. Methods: It was a prospective cross-sectional descriptive hospital based study. 60 patients who were diagnosed of having concomitant maxillofacial and head injuries were included in this study. Informations based on age, sex, mode of injury, pattern of facial and head injury, GCS score and type of head injury were taken for each case. Appropriate skull X-ray was done for all patients with maxillofacial injury and patients with initial sign of neurological deficit an initial CT scan of brain was done. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: Majority of the patients were in the 2nd to 4th decade (75%) with a male to female ratio of 7.57:1 Motor vehicle accidents were the most common cause of injury (60%), followed by fall from height (13.3%).- Mandible was the most commonly fractured facial bone (36.67%), followed by midface fracture (18.3%).Majority of the patients had moderate head injury and were managed conservatively. Among depressed fracture of skull, frontal bone was most commonly affected. Conclusion: Adult males were most common victims in craniofacial trauma, and road traffic accidents were responsible for the majority. Most of the patients sustained moderate head injuries and were managed conservatively. Open reduction and internal fixation with miniplates were used for displaced facial bone fractures.

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Background: Marginal continuty is very important for the longevity of restoration .The junction between the cemented restoration and the tooth is always a potential site for recurrent caries, gingivitis and periodontitis and ultimately failure of crown as well as teeth. Hypothesis: Marginal continuity for shoulder finish line for anterior teeth and chamfer for posterior teeth are equally effective. Objectives: To evaluate the marginal continuity of metal crown. Methods: Thirty extracted human teeth were prepared with shoulder margin (group-A) and another thirty teeth were prepared with chamfer (group-B) as methodically. Metal crown was fabricated by lost wax technique of casting procedure. All of the crowns (both group-A and group-B) were cemented by glass inomer luting cement. Each crown was sectioned in faciolingual direction at the midpoint of each surface by slow speed isomet saw. The sectioned crowns were examined under sreriomicroscope for measurement of marginal continuty. Data were collected on the basis of marginal continuty of each crown was compared. Collected data were processed and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Service) version 12. Results: The frequency distribution of marginal continuity were statistically non significant between two groups. Conclusion: All metal crowns had greater continued margin than discontinued margin.

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